Preliminary Screening of Bioactive Natural Products Essay Example for Free

Preliminary Screening of Bioactive Natural Products EssayThe typesets which are used to cure diseases are called medicinal plants. This property of plants is payable to the presence of certain chemicals titlely Phytochemicals which include alkaloids, Glycosides, flavanoids, volatile oils, vitamins, resins, gums etc. These chemicals terminate the growth of micro organisms by obstructing one or many metabolic activities of microbes. ground Health Organisation has estimated that perhaps 80 % of the Earths inhabitants rely upon traditional medicine for their primary health care needs and a major part of this therapy involves the use of plant extracts or their active principles. Plants form the major resource in the preparation of drugs in many ancient systems of medicine uniform Ayurveda, Unani, Homoeopathy, Naturopathy, Siddha and Allopathy. Our limn work mainly aims at the screening of Bioactive compounds present in wood and fruit of Terminalia pallida Brandis Terminalia pal lida is a semi evergreen tree belongs to the family Combretaceae and its telugu name is called Tella-Karaka. Wood and fruit are highly medicated due to the prescence of bioactive compounds.These parts are widely used by the tribals of various districts of Andhra Pradesh to cure diarrhoea, peptic ulcers and diabetes. Fresh plant parts were collected, shade dried and ground in to coarse powder. Extraction of Bioactive compounds can be done with different type of solvents for further phytochemical analysis. Results obtained in the present study reveals the presence of Flavanoids, Indoles, Leucoanthocyanins, steroids, Phenols, Saponins, Tanins in the wood of Terminalia Pallida.Fruits consist of all the above bioactive compounds along with alkaloids. These bioactive compounds are responsible for antidiarrhoeatic, anti-ulcer and anti-diabetic properties of the plant. The present communication attempts to assess the status of phytochemical properties in wood and fruits of Terminalia Pallli da , Brandis to develop the awareness among the local people. It is also useful to the advanced research in the Pharmacertical field.

Evaluate the Causes of World War I Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Causes of World War I EssayWorld war one is one of the most weighty events in world history. It took place in Europe in 1914-1918. The whole world participated this war. So everyone had some responsibility. There are more than one reasons for the eruption of this war. Mainly, it was the expansion form of patriotism the alliances system. Other issues played a major part too, such as imperialism, the industrial revolution, naval race and domestic factors. ane of the main long term causes as I said before is Nationalism. Nationalism is the patriotic tone when people believe passionately for their countries.The extreme feeling of nationalism is called ethnocentrism and it leads to fascism. Nationalism besides, promoted the war because nationalists cute to reestablish their nations power. Th e majority of people before and during the world war one, wanted to have a larger territory. Flags are created to represent a country. The three countries that formed the Tr iple Alliance was formed by different ethnic groups. in a higher place all, Austrias Hungarys ethnic groups wanted their independence. These groups were, Slovaks, Serbs Czechs.They wanted to rule themselves and have their own pronounce. Particularly, many Serbs in different territories wanted to join the neighboring state of Serbia. Italy was also formed from a collection of smaller states, aiming at having its government established. The trigger cause of world war one was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinard his wife also by a Serbian nationalist. This happened in June 1914 while they were in Sarajevo, Bosnia which was a part of Austria Hungary. This assassination was in protest to Austria Hungary having control of the region.This was the extreme form of nationalism as I said above, that killed the prince of Austria and world war one began. Another cause which cause the war is imperialism. In other words, the competition among powerful countries to fail their powe r. All the countries were looking for ways to conquer oversea colonies. There was a competitive feeling about it. They also needed more resources. Naval bases for Germany Britain were also of paramount important. For example, France Russia prepared to face any German invasion. Germany took from France an important industrial area of Alsace Lorraine.In 1890 Germany has a New Kaiser who was very active. Germany seized control of Chinese ports wanted more oversea colonies as Britain France had. Italy also wanted more oversea colonies and thats a reason it joined the Triple Alliance. Furthermore, there is another cause, the alliances. Alliances existed to abide friends and threaten enemies. The promoted their own culture. Alliances movements are like gangs. They used violence and technology weapons. Alliances active role before the war was to understand the come near of the war countrys movements.So before world war one Russia defended Serbia. Serbias territories were controlled by the state of Austria Hungary. Serbia varyed the war against Austria Hungary and Russia got involved. France Russia had a close friendship. A response to get back its land Germany attacked France through Belgium. In 1884 the Triple Alliance we formed with Germany, Italy and Austria Hungary to support each other militarily in strip of an attack. The Triple Entente that formed in 1904 with Britain, France and Russia. The last cause of the war was the industrial revolution, in other words militarism.Militarism is associated with technology weapons. Such as cars, bombs, work guns, submarines, bullets, dynamites etc. Industrial development was very important in order to be powerful. In this new war armies used cars and not horses. Another spirit level is the radio, was used for propaganda. Everything was moving very fast. Military includes submarines, airplanes and machine guns. France Russia worried a lot for Germanys development. Loans from France helped Russia to develop i ndustries. Germanys naval forces plan named Navy order was increasing their navy.This plan worked as a threaten to Britain. Germanys development of their navy was apparent. It become one of the worlds most powerful navy in 1980 with Britain first. In 1914 German industries was second in the world only to that of the USA. Serbia was also becoming a powerful force in Balkans. France also built up their industries army. Russia was the largest of all six powers however it was the most backward and least developed. As a result of this war there was devastation across Europe. eighter from Decatur millions of people died twenty nine millions injured.The use of the word destruction includes issues we are not able to see. Its not only the destruction of buildings, the lack of preparation and the economic decline. Its also the lack of ideas, family issues, the psychology of the crowd, propaganda and much more. Even after the world war one for decades the leaders changing politics, chan ges public opinions. In my opinion preserving the peace was neither Triple Alliances or Triple ententes priority. What if the countries did not show off or fight for power? I believe that nationalism was the most important cause for causing the war.Consequently all the countries were reacting in extremely nationalistic ways and unreasonably. I also think world war one was a result of leaders antagonism towards other countries which was sustained by the increasing nationalism of European nations. The assassination of Archduke worked as the immediate cause that triggered a domino effect of reactions among all these countries. If this wouldnt happen, they would have find another cause to start the war. I suppose everythings happened because of the selfishness leaders had. They didnt inspire the crowd this prove that there was the failure of diplomacy.

Comparison of Saudi Arabia and Europe Human Trafficking

Comparison of Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia and europium gentle TraffickingInternational Human TraffickingIntroductionHuman trafficking is an egregious example of how globalisation bath make haste and grow world(prenominal) wickedness rings for purposes of stinting gains. The unify Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines clement trafficking as the acquisition of slew by indecorous means, much(prenominal) as force, deception, or fraud with a base goal of exploiting them (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009). With the offset of globalization, the piece has opened up and people be more(prenominal) integrated. As a terminus, movement across the internationalist redacts in Europe and Saudi Arabia has been advanced by the open grapple policies adopted. Also, the rise of industrialization and emergence of multinational corporations in both Saudi Arabia and some of the developed European countries be some of the factors of globalization that nonp lus necessitated the require for cheap labour as industrial competition intensified globally. Therefore, it is of the essence(predicate) to create a comparison of the primary factors that facilitate international benignant trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe to fancy the influence that globalization has on the issue.Research principalThe following research paper go away focus on the key oral sex Does mankind trafficking have the alike characteristics in Saudi Arabia, as it does in Europe? In responding to this research question, the study depart focus on respective(a) aspects of culture, socio economic conditions, politics, and institutional differences amongst Saudi Arabia and European countries, and how they contribute to international homosexual trafficking.HypothesisThe research will be directed towards the following hypothesis Globalization has guide to a set of differences in economic, cultural, proficient and political factors in Saudi Arabia and Europe. Con sequently, these factors define the individual characteristics of military personnel trafficking in each region.Importance of the Research QuestionThe research question is a core concept in unearthing mixed economic, social, cultural, and individual factors that motivates military personnel trafficking, which is currently a global issue both in the developing and industrialized countries in Saudi Arabia and Europe. By understanding the existing differences in various aspects of serviceman trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe, the study will allow a general blueprint on how globalization has contributed to increased cases of gentle trafficking worldwide.The research question will guide on global policies that should be enacted in order to deal with the problem of human trafficking, which is already a global threat. Human trafficking is a multifaceted issue, which makes it difficult to alleviate completely. First of all, international human trafficking is the most common form of human flip whereby victims atomic number 18 moved across the borders to another(prenominal) countries. Differences in policies, border regulation legislation, socio-economical issues, and cultures among countries make coordination of efforts to set upon the crime futile. Therefore, the research question will enhance our understanding in equipment casualty of policies and legislation in Saudi Arabia and European countries, how these policies any prevent or facilitate human trafficking, and what needs to be done about much(prenominal) policies to curb the criminal activity.Also, the research question outlines the factors that motivate human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and whether the same factors contribute to human trafficking in Europe. Generally, it is k straightn that different regions have specific needs for the victims of human trafficking. For instance, victims of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia are mainly needful for sexual evolution and forced labor. On the other h and, in Europe, human trafficking mainly revolves around the acquisition of people for purposes of forced labor, servitude and slavery and sexual victimization in equal measures. These differences withal complicate global efforts on ending human trade. Therefore, the research question will depart a roadmap to establish the fundamental factors in the Saudi Arabia and Europe which dictate the specific reasons for the acquisition of victims of human trafficking. Consequently, it is possible to develop an integrated approach to extension this multifaceted issue.Lastly, this research question is a key influence on policies that will guide consensus building among countries in order to address the ontogeny problem of international human trafficking. Currently, the world is dynamic in various ways and, wherefore, issues affecting one country are likely to allude on others. This has primarily been a factor of globalization. finished globalization, business transactionhips, as well as individual interaction, have increased. Consequently, international crimes much(prenominal) as human trade have, too been facilitated by this integration. With the neoliberalism and emergence of globalization, nations are in a rush to build their individual economies and at the same time disregard policies that influence international relation backs. Being an international problem with oecumenical threats to human security, human trafficking has negative effects on international relations. It undermines individual and state security because it violates all the elements of human security as a result of coercion and exploitation. These elements include environmental, personal, economic, political, health, community, and food. Therefore, the research question is holistic and will facilitate understanding of international human trafficking from political, economic, cultural, and humanitarian dimensions on the lens of globalization.Review of books In his study, Rahman (2011) defi nes human trafficking as the movement of victims normally women and children across borders either legally or illegally. In addition, the victims can either be documented or without any documents, usually heading to unknown destination unaware of the consequences thereof (Rahman, 2011, p. 54). Current forms of human trafficking in both Saudi Arabia and Europe are more subtle compared to several decades ago. In most cases, victims are usually lured by better opportunities, such as jobs. This is the modern day slavery. According to Rahman (2011), human trafficking is a global phenomenon that can be inextricably affiliateed to the current move of globalization in the sex industries that mainly involve women and children. There are differences in demand for victims of sex trade between Europe and Saudi Arabia. While sex trade is linked with human child trafficking in Saudi, Arabia, sex trafficking in Europe usually involve more adults than children.Globalization and the consequent fre e international border movement has facilitated international human trafficking (Liu, 2010). The process has made border crossing peculiarly in European countries very easy. In both Saudi Arabia and Europe, the existing supply-and-demand relationship as a result of globalization has light-emitting diode to establishment of criminal webs which facilitate illegal border crossing as countries enact restrictive immigration policies (Liu, 2010). Subsequently, this has also increased the risks and vulnerabilities of unauthorized immigrants already in the countries to all forms of exploitation (Liu, 2010). Also, Liu (2010) suggests that limitation of immigration through restrictive policies also perpetuate disparity at the global level. Free movement of capital has been changed by economic globalization. However, states have been using the migration policies as nation-state level gatekeeping instruments by allowing multinational corporation to relocate to low-cost areas (Liu, 2010).Sau di Arabia is among the Middle Eastern countries alongside United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Cambodia, Venezuela among others that are designated as Tier 2 by the United States De beginment of States in relation to human trafficking. According to this classification, Tier 2 countries have governments that do not comply with the minimum standards to eradicate human trafficking (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Increased cases of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia are motivated by various factors of globalization such as easier movement of people into the country according to this report. Currently, Saudi Arabia is a major destination for people from East Africa and South East Asia who either move to the country voluntarily or trafficked for purposes of labor exploitation, or other criminal activities such as forced begging (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). In Saudi Arabia, although globalization is a primary factor for the current trends in human trafficking, the political situat ion in the country is also a factor that has contributed to change magnitude cases of human trafficking. According to the United States Department of States 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report, the government of Saudi Arabia is yet to fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Despite the amply number of immigrants in Saudi Arabia who come as domestic servants as well as other forms of exploitation, the government is yet to increase anti-trafficking efforts (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Therefore, human trafficking in Saudi Arabia is both a factor of globalization and weak government policies, as per the U.S Department of States 2016 report (Trafficking in Persons Report, 2016). Globalization has also resulted to economic competition whereby increasing product prices increases the demand for cheap labor as a means of cost reduction. Also, inequalities in economic growth among European countries and Saudi Arabi a have resulted to industrialization of some countries while others are underdeveloped (Rahman, 2011). Saudi Arabia is among the Middle East countries that are endowed with resources such as oil and therefore their thrift is doing well. On the other hand, the source countries in East Africa where the victims of human trafficking come are usually characterized by poor economic development and in high spirits population growth rate. Consequently, commodification of human life has resulted as human traffickers view humans as exploitable resources that are readily available (Liu, 2010). In his study, Liu (2010) asserts that although human trafficking principally has a long history, the criminal network in the human trade has extended to an unprecedented scale as a result of the widening inequality at the global level. With globalization and the rise of neoliberalism, inequalities among countries have encouraged millions of disadvantaged people to migrate (Liu, 2010, p. 2). Liu (2010) further suggests that although poverty and poor working conditions are the historically known causes of ir uniform migration, the phenomenon is not purely supply-driven both Saudi Arabia and Europe. As an industrialized economy, Saudi Arabia is on the edge of global economic competition. Therefore, most of the sectors of the economy are under intense pressure to minimize their costs and at the same time capitalize on cheap and flexible labor. This form of labor is readily found from migrants whether they moved in the country legally or illegally (Liu, 2010). This is also the driving force behind human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe whereby industrialization, as well as the emergence of multinational corporations, demand cheap and readily available labor (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2009).Gilbertson (2015) views the phenomenon of expanding human trafficking as an outcome of the industrial changes through the era of globalization. As a result of globalization, t he sex industry which initially occupied a marginal position has now taken the central position in the global economy. The industry has grown tremendously in Saudi Arabia and Europe as a result of the vast profit margins, the extensive market demand and the organizational mechanism that is keen on exploiting the demand (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 9). Developing nations in Europe which were initially under the Soviet Union, such as Ukraine and the Baltic states, were left adrift after the Cold War (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 16). Subsequently, organized crime took center stage. This era was also characterized by technological development which promoted cross-border trade, migration covering up and investment opportunities. According to Gilbertson (2015), globalization has affected all aspects of life such as culture, political systems, economic systems among others in Europe. Human trafficking is among the transnational organized crimes that have expanded as a result of globalization. According to Gilbertson, (2015) growth of transnational organized crimes peculiarly in Europe has been fostered by various factors of globalization such as enhanced flow of goods, capital and services, global tourism, increase in human migration and increase in outsourcing manufacturing. Gilbertson (2015) also shows a correlation between the international human trafficking as a transnational organized crime that has been promoted by the law enforcements and individual governments in both Europe and Saudi Arabia. For a long time, governments have been focusing on criminal conventions instead of criminal markets. The existing market demand for victims of human trafficking promotes the human trade despite efforts to eliminate the criminal networks. In her research, Gilbertson (2015) focuses on three key global drivers of trafficking for sex exploitation. They include war, economic instability, and technological advancements. In all new-made wars surrounding the recent age of globalization, se x trafficking has been reported, hence, creating a dangerous environment for women and children living in war-torn areas in Europe. Also, the increased mobility of the people and instability in such zones further provide a perfect environment for human trafficking for sexual exploitation (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 22). This is the case in war-torn European countries. In addition, economic instability promotes the emergence of criminal activities and promotes migration.Globalization and technological revolution has promoted human trafficking in many ways. Gilbertson (2015) also links the expansive human trafficking criminal network in Europe and Saudi Arabia to globalization, which influences technological revolution in term of communication and marketing. Communication and instruction sharing through cell phones have promoted human trafficking especially for purposes of sexual exploitation (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 27). Also, the Internet has led to an enormous boom in the child pornography industry with latest forms of human trafficking for sexual exploitation taking place online through chat rooms. In Holland and other surrounding Nordic countries, pornography is legal, and this has promoted cases of child trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation (Gilbertson, 2015, p. 28).In addition, globalization has also facilitated advancements in transportation technology both in Europe and Saudi Arabia. The subtle forms of slavery promoted by human trafficking occur when in the process of meddling for economic opportunities, migrants are coerced into work unwillingly (Liu, 2010, p. 2). Liu asserts that international human trafficking is not only an international crime but a process of globalization itself especially in technological perspective. Although globalization has contributed to important gains especially in the areas of trade, communication and transport in Europe, it has also opened up new avenues for human traffickers who are able to easily conduct the crimi nal activities (Liu, 2010).In his study, Brewer (2010) acknowledges the research question by linking the process of globalization as an integral part of growing cases of international human trafficking. In this study, Brewer (2010) asserts that in the wake of globalization, interplay of economic, social and political factors in different part of the world have resulted to what he impairment as global apartheid which has given rise to a new fourth world which is a population comprising of the incarcerated, homeless, impoverished and other socially excluded people (Brewer, 2010, p. 47). This is the group of people who provide most of the victims of human trafficking. The comparative advantage in goods and cheap labor in the third world countries has contributed towards objectifying and exploiting humans for economic ends (Brewer, 2010, p. 48). ground on the suggestions provided by other scholars in respondent the research question, I will work out evaluating the existing connectio n between the process of globalization and international human trafficking. I will focus on providing evidence why human trafficking is not an outcome of globalization but rather a part of it. This implies that even though different states have the option to enact policies and legislation that can minimize cases of human trafficking, there are aspects of globalization that cannot be adjusted.First, I would focus on showing the evidence on how globalization has promoted stiff economic, technological, social, and political competition in both developing and industrialized countries. A primary outcome of this competition is increased inequality between nations. As the industrialized countries continue to develop, the disadvantaged countries are forced to bear the repercussions of this economic competition in terms of slower economic growth, high rate of unemployment, low literacy levels and rapidly growing population. Consequently, I will provide a exact analysis on how these factors provide the right environment which facilitates human trafficking as excessive population makes humans exploitable resources.Also, in answering the research question, I will littlely appreciate how political factors such as weak government, corruption and the rise of highly developed organized crimes have led to an increase in cases of human trafficking, especially in the Saudi Arabia. The international community has not yet come into aid of governments with a weak economic infrastructure that can aid in combating this global crime. I will also provide an input on reasons why the weak governments are unable to handle the problem of human trafficking suh as insufficiency of resources, manpower, and technology that is critical in decreasing human trafficking cases in their respective areas of jurisdiction. Also, I wil provide evidence on how human trade has proliferated in European countries where the governments are unable to maintain economic and political stability. Lack of an ef fective international oversite body to monitor the policies used by individual countries to combat human trafficking also contributes towards the proliferation of the vice in countries with a weak political system. I will also be critical on Weak relations in the international community and this has also contributed towards the spread of the criminal network dealing in human trade in Europe and Saudi Arabia. chastisement by countries and international organizations to effectively monitor and address the problem of human trafficking in individual countries has subsequently reinforced it. In my analysis on the factors in globalization that have contributed to the high rate of human trafficking in Saudi Arabia and Europe, I will also focus on the weak relations in the international community and how they have also contributed towards the spread of the trade as well as how failure by countries and international organizations to effectively monitor and address the problem of human traff icking in individual countries has subsequently reinforced it.With the world moving towards exceeding its capacity, human beings are becoming the most abundant and exploitable resources. Therefore, when answering the research question, I will provide evidence on how countries with a lower Gross National Product (GNP) are more prone to cases of human trafficking in comparison to countries with a high GNP. Also, the answer to the research question will focus on the economic factors in globalization such as increased demand for cheap labor and subsequent influence on international human trafficking . In addition, I will concentrate on issues such as how globalization has destroyed the barriers between countries hence paving the way for illegal inter-border immigration. Increased amount of consumerism in developed countries lead to a subsequent increase in demand for cheap and exploitable labor.Part IIResearch MethodsIn order to carry out the research that will help in answering the res earch question, I will employ various methods of data collection, data analytical tools and assumed data analysis. Primarily, this section of the research will picture the rationale for the application of the specific procedures and techniques in data collection and analysis for the study. This will be a crucial part of the study that will enable the reader to critically evaluate the general validity and reliability of the study. Data collection and analysis tools that will be elect for this study are critical because they will automatically affect the findings and by extension, how the findings will be interpreted. The methods that will be chosen for collection and analysis of the data should be appropriate for fulfilling the overall aim of this study in order to come up with cognizant rationale on the existing relationship between globalization and aspects of international human trafficking in Europe and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, a large enough sample size will be important for this study to generalize and make informed recommendations based on the findings of the study. In this study, aspects of both qualitative and quantitative research will be applied.Study ParticipantsWhen choosing the participants for this study, it is important to consider the respondents who will provide the outmatch information for this study. Therefore, it is important to think carefully around all the issues surrounding the research question and gain access to the most effective respondents. Secondly, it is important to consider the number of participants who will take part in the study and how they will be selected. The key participants for this study will include government sources who will provide information on policies in place to address human trafficking in Europe and Saudi Arabia. This is because government policies are major drivers of globalization and subsequently, human trafficking. some other group of participants for this study will be identified victims of human trafficking. As study participants, victims of human trafficking are credible sources of vital information regarding the trade such as the methods used by the traffickers to acquire the victims and how they are facilitated in entering through borders. Information acquired from this group of participants will facilitate the research in terms of creating constructs between border policies in Europe and Saudi Arabia and international human trafficking. Identified victims of human trafficking can be accessed through various recovery centers and focused groups. Another group of study participants who can help in answering the research question include voluntary convicted participants in the human trade who will provide information on various factors of globalization that determine demands for victims of human trade as well as how the cartels are connected in Saudi Arabia and Europe. This group of participants will also provide vital information on how border culture, weak institutions among other factors facilitate the business of human trafficking. There is no age limit for the study participants because the victims of human trade includes all genders, age groups, race, religion and socio-economic classes.Data CollectionThe following research will employ various data collection strategies in order to critically analyze the issues surrounding globalization and how they have contributed toward human trafficking internationally. Both the primary and the secondary data sources will be employed in order to provide a form of analysis on the changing trends in international human trafficking so that the impact of globalization on the vice can be scrutinized. Therefore, the various tools for data collection will be considered in this study. The methods of data collection will forecast on their suitability to the target groups and the various issues that require assessment. Also, the tools chosen to collect data will depend on their efficiency in identifying issues such as the outputs and the outcomes of the process. The ability of the instruments of measure to provide similar answers to the same question when administered differently is also a key determinant of the tools to be used in data collection. Various data collection tools have their advantages and disadvantages and, therefore, suitability for the study should be the main point of consideration.Data Collection Tools Various methods of data collection critical for the subject include primary data sources from victims of human trafficking. This can be obtained from series of interview, focus groups and case studies in order to obtain first-hand insights into human trade and the similarities in the victims of human trafficking such as countries of origin, economic status and the circumstances surrounding their trafficking. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be self-possessed in relation to globalization and international human trafficking to provide a relationship in between that c an guide future approach to the issue. valued dataQuantitative data is a useful tool in this research for the informed measure of quantities. This can include statistical data such as numbers of victims of human trafficking etc.Census reports. Census reports are key to globalization and human trafficking studies because it will provide data about every unit in a group of the population. For instance, census reports from various countries can show that age variations among the citizens and also monitor movements of different groups of people both topically and internationally. In addition, through census reports, it is possible to examine the current economic conditions in a given country and how these conditions influence migration of the people.Administrative data. Various international organizations such as UNICEF, ILO, UNODC collect information on a day-to-day basis on operations and economic trends in various countries. The statistics obtained from these organizations annual rep orts is usually in real time and can be used as an indicator of the conditions on the ground. Administrative data will be useful in this research because it will shows various economic policies operating in different countries influence trade, the emergence of new industries and border movements. This form of data will also provide insights on changing trends on international human trafficking such as the destinations, reasons for the trafficking as well as data on the most preferent victims for the trade. An example is the 2014 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime which shows a changing trend in human trafficking whereby girls are more preferred than boys as a result of growing demands in the sex trade. This report also shows the main reasons behind human trafficking in various parts of the world. In Africa and the Saudi Arabi, sexual exploitation and forced labor are the main drivers behind human trafficking. However, in other pa rts such as East Asia and Americas, forced labor is the primary reason behind the high cases of human trafficking.Tracer studies. Tracer studies will be an important tool for data collection in this research because they will include a combination of regular surveys which are used as the core tool. The regular surveys will be combined with an in-depth discussion with samples of the surveys as well as interviewing key informants about the human trade. Key informants can be voluntary informants who can be either victim of the trafficking or traffickers themselves. Government sources can also be used to provide key information especially on the interplay between the economic policies put in place and how they promote globalization as well as other outcomes of globalization such as human trafficking. soft data. Qualitative data is critical to this study because it will provide information on the qualities which are not measurable. This includes reasons why a fussy group of people is pr eferred as victims of human trafficking in particular parts of the world as well aa the factors that facilitate human trafficking in various parts of the world.Interviews. Interviewing is an substantive data collection tool for this study. Interviews can be done on the identified victims of human trafficking because they will assist in providing first-hand information about the nature of the trade. Essentially, human trafficking is a very discreet trade and much is not known about it. Therefore, by linking the information obtained through interviews, it wil be possible to link various aspects of the trade to the prevailing economic conditions and globalization in general.Case studies.Case studies will be extensively used qualitative data collection tools in this research because they will provide a critical analysis of the issue of human trafficking base on specific cases. In this research, case studies involving a particular individual in the trade or country where human traffick ing is rampant can provide general insights on the nature of the trade in other parts of the world and how globalization has contributed to changes in the nature of the trade. Besides, case studies also enable movement tracking whereby the identified victims can provide critical information such as the transport methods used by human traffickers, destination, and communication. Case studies also facilitate the process of identifying various agencies that take part in human trafficking.Literature review for secondary data. Literature materials can also provide credible information on nature on the nature of human trafficking as a result of globalization and also providing a comparison with the earlier forms of human trafficking before globalization. This method of data collection heavily relies on the opinions of the researcher as per their area of study. Through a systematic review of literate, it is possible to identify gaps in research that have not been addressed in relation to globalization as a contributing factor to human trafficking. Various research articles employ different methods of data collection. Therefore, it is also possible to compare the various methods of data collection used and identify the most accurate in terms of the findings.Assumed Data AnalysisData analytics refer to various methods of examining rude(a) data in order to draw informed conclusions in relation to the available information. In this study, various tool for data analysis will be used to summarize the information obtained during data collection in order to illustrate various measures that directly or indirectly link international human trafficking to globalization. Data Analysis PlanningDuring data analysis, it is important to edit the research questions and the alternative hypothesis. The data analysis plan will specify the various statistics that need to be analyzed as per the research question and the assumptions of the statistics. Also, the data analysis plan will pro vide an appropriate justification as to why the statistics chosen are appropriate. Besides, it is important to justify the sample size and if possible references are made. This is

Analysis of Gordon Browns Leadership

Analysis of Gordon embrowns attractershipGordon brownness with his government activity of all the talents and his sh forbidden out to listen suggests he prefers a locker trope of organisation over Prime ministerial regime.What has been his record to date in exercising his prime ministerial antecedents? Illust aim with savoir-faire to the practice of the knightly three Prime Ministers and decide whether it is a decreed or negative development.IntroductionUpon becoming Prime Minister in June 2007, Gordon brownness gave fuddlight-emitting diode indications that he would change the political culture in Britain. Among those promises, he pledged to govern with a government of all the talents, findking consultation and advice from outside the traditional dig out Party sources. (BBC, 2007) Since then, the Prime Minister has also stated his preference for a much cabinet form of Government as opposed to a strong Prime Ministerial Government common in the Blair and Thatcher pe riods. (Rentoul, p552) Does Gordon browneds record show a preference for consultation, has Parliament been given more(prenominal) power in the running of Government or has Gordon Brown reverted to the strong autocratic appearance of leadership that he was often accused of during his time as chancellor?This essay will examine Gordon Browns short reign as Prime Minister, looking closely at his use of Prime Ministerial powers in Government. The work will explore the extent to which the present Labour locker has strong influence over decisions and policies, and whether Gordon Brown has strengthened Parliament by transferring some of the traditional Prime Ministerial powers to the legislature. In order to judge Gordon Browns record, it is necessary to compare the actions and records of the preliminary three UK Prime Ministers, Tony Blair, rear end major and Margaret Thatcher. Each Prime Minister differed in their use of Prime Ministerial powers, influenced by the political situat ion and their own style and personality. By gravid strong examples of cabinet or Prime Ministerial Government we may better understand their meaning, as swell up as better judging Gordon Browns record and style of Government. Finally we shall attempt to conclude whether Gordon Brown has brought almost a more Cabinet form of Government, and if so, judge if this has been a positive or negative development for Government and the Country.Chapter OneIn Gordon Browns first address to the House of Commons as Prime Minister, he indicated that his Premiership was one that would increase the power of Parliament in such vital areas as declaring war, signing Inter field of study treaties and approving public appointments. This was part of his plan to turn back power, which included proposals to start de-centralising power across the UK, al showtimeing UK citizens and councils more influence in Government. The Prime Minister has in some ways delivered on some of his promises to discover w ith a government of all the talents appointing Labour outsiders such as Sir Digby Jones and setting up the National Economic Council. (Bagehot, 2008) These actions however, do not necessarily mean that Gordon Brown has brought in a new period of cabinet Government however. Cabinet Government refers to the UK Prime Minister ruling in conjunction with his or her Cabinet, share responsibility and power but stay first among equals. Prime Ministerial Government refers to the Prime Minister dominating the executive, making all the major insurance policy decisions without always consulting with or taking the advice of the Cabinet. (Jones, 2005, p.27) Does Gordon Browns record suggest that he rules in co-operation with his Cabinet or does he make the major decisions without their region?The first few months of the Brown era were a relative success for the Government. The change of leader helped Labour recover public support, and Gordon Brown gave a prospering image as a strong and bear d leader. Policies were put forward to restore Cabinet Government, the party was united and the PM appears to take a shit consulted the Cabinet whilst remaining firmly in control. This was a change from the Blair period of Government, in which a strong Prime Ministerial form of Leadership existed, with outside unelected advisors exercising more power and influence on the PM than the elected Cabinet members. (Rentoul, 2001, p.536) Although the strong leadership of Blair and the unity of the party had been in many ways responsible for their electoral success, Blairs weakening of Cabinet power and autocratic leadership led Britain into an un common and, for the Labour parties popularity, disastrous war in Iraq.Gordon Brown entered office with the promise of restoring Cabinets importance, and lessening the influence of outsiders such as Alistair Campbell, who during the Blair years appeared to be the real deputy Leader, alternatively than the elected John Prescott. (Stephens, 2004, p .180) Brown then, seemed to be promoting a style of Government personified by John Major. During Majors time as PM Cabinet meetings were transformed from meetings where Mrs Thatcher would inform the cabinet of her policies and demand obedience into genuine forums for compete and deliberation. Important issues were discussed, free debate was encouraged and arguments were common. This was extremely popular within Government, as suggested in Dick Leonards A Century of Premiers. Major has restored Cabinet Government (Leonard, 2005, p.333)In the first few months, Gordon Brown did successfully lead in a Cabinet style of Government. The aftermath and response to several failed terrorist attacks were handled by Cabinet figures such as Jacqui Smith, who liaised with the public and the Muslim Community. In both the crisis with Northern Rock and the flooding in rural areas Brown employed the full talents of his Ministers rather than attempting to micromanage every situation. (Freedland, 2007) Brown was popular with both the party and the public it seemed that the return of Cabinet Government was beneficial for the Government and the Nation.In many ways Major and Brown inherited the Leadership under similar situations. Neither man had the commanding Parliamentary majority of Thatcher or Blair at their peak, and had to by necessity avow more on the support of their Cabinet. (Foley, 2002, p.33) Like Major, Brown has also had to deal with a resurgent opposite word which for the first time in years appears to be leading in the caps. This led to Browns first major crisis in September and October 2007 Brown hinted that he would call an election to fully legitimize his Leadership, as he did not face a leadership election to become Prime Minister. However Brown decided not to go ahead with an election, with many suggesting that he was worried by the Tories lead in the opinion polls. (Robinson, 2007) From this point on Brown became steadily less popular with the Country and t he party, as subsequent crises and Browns apparent lack of charisma and leadership chipping away at support for the Government. in spite of this however, many would suggest that this has not caused Gordon Brown to devastate Cabinet Government. On the contrary, Gordon Brown has continued to consult and debate with his Cabinet on the major issues, allowing such figures as David Milliband and Jacqui Smith to emerge as contingent future leaders of the Labour Party. Although Gordon Brown has consulted with many outside forces and attempted to build a more consensual form of British politics, even oblation Paddy Ashdown a position in Government, (Woodward, 2007) this has not led to the marginalisation of the Cabinet. Margaret Thatchers preference for unelected advisors, such as Sir Alan Walters, over Cabinet Members helped bring about her downfall, making her believe she was infallible and isolating potentially loyal Ministers, as suggested by Leonard. She acted as a virtual dictator, reducing the role of the Cabinet to that of a supporters club. (Leonard, 2005, p.313) It did however, give Thatcher the image of a strong Leader, one that could make important decisions decisively without having to consult or procrastinate. Unfortunately some of the decisions she made without consulting the Cabinet, such as the poll tax were disastrous for her and the Tory Party.Tony Blair did not marginalise or reduce his Cabinet to such a lowly level however he did, as we arrive mentioned, surround himself with an inner circle of advisors, many of them outsiders like Alistair Campbell, and relied more heavily on their advice than that of his Cabinet. His style of leadership was also similar to Thatchers in that he tried to dominate and manage every important situation, with the notable exception of those issues that came under his Chancellors office. (Rentoul, 2001, p.249) Although the most successful Labour leader in history, Blairs decisions and style of leadership were ultima tely responsible for his clearly begrudging resignation. Despite following a more Cabinet orientated approach to Government, Gordon Brown has erect that this does not necessarily guarantee loyalty during fractious times. There have been widespread rumours about a possible leadership challenge, with many Labour mononuclear phagocyte system talking to the press about their desire to see Gordon Brown step down. By giving his Cabinet power and responsibility Gordon Brown has allowed some of the big personalities, such as Milliband, to grow in status, so much so that many Labour MPs considered him a possible replacement.Chapter TwoIn our previous chapter we presented the argument that Gordon Brown has brought back a more Cabinet orientated form of Government. In Chapter two we will look at ways in which Gordon Brown has in fact maintained a Prime Ministerial form of Leadership, along with the negative consequences this has brought about. We will also attempt to evaluate Gordon Browns record, and come to a conclusion whether it has been a positive or negative development in relation to the three previous Prime Ministers reigns.At the beginning of Browns premiership, the Prime Minister made pledges to bring about more Parliamentary powers and increase executive accountability, a clear reference to Tony Blairs decision to launch an unpopular war. (Stephens, 2005, p239) However so remote, these pledges have remained in the formation stage. The Premier still retains ultimate authority on issues of national security, international treaties and appointments. Perhaps in the future these pledges will be passed in Parliament, however till that day the Prime Minister will retain a large degree of executive control. Since Brown has been in office little legislation actually transferring power away from the Executive has passed through Parliament.In many respects Brown has pushed through his own agenda, bypassing the reservations or objections of his Cabinet, as well as rut hlessly disposing of any Ministers that have dared to challenge his authority. (Bagehot, 2008) The ten pence tax rate cut was widely criticised by the media and opposition, and eventually forced the Government to backtrack. It was introduced in the 2007 budget by Brown, who insisted on implementing it despite the fact that it hit those on low incomes, natural Labour supporters. This disaster was a direct result of Gordon Brown forcing an unpopular policy into being despite the opposition of many in the Party.Despite the large size of the Cabinet, the Prime Minister has ensured that those in the top jobs are those with a proven track record for loyally supporting Brown throughout his years as Chancellor. Those supporters or suspected supporters of Tony Blair have largely been marginalised, not allowed near the more important Ministerial positions. Those Ministers who have resisted his policies or have mouth for the need of a new leader have been dropped for more loyal, pliant person nel. (Helm, 2008)) In the most important sphere of influence, the economy, the Chancellor Alistair Darling appears to operate with far less independence and power than Brown did under Blair, indeed although we may say that Tony Blair operated a Presidential style of Leadership, he went out of his way to continue his Chancellor. Gordon Brown does not have any figure powerful or independent enough to build a sphere of influence within Government as Brown did previously. (Leonard, 2005, p355-358) Regardless of the press and several Labour MPs promotion of David Milliband, Brown remains without peer in terms of gravitas, influence and experience within the party.Despite his smaller majority, Brown has also shown that he is able to force unpopular legislation through Parliamentary and Cabinet opposition, most notably in the case of the 42 day detention issue. The intense opposition in his Party, with alleged deals being made to get the bill passed, along with opposition condemnation sug gests that Gordon Brown was not concerned with giving Parliament new powers related to national security. In relation to Iraq although some British troops have been pulled out of the Country, British troops remain in both Iraq and Afghanistan, again despite the opposition of many in the party. That in that respect is no opposition in the Cabinet is perhaps testament to the loyalty of those Gordon Brown has chosen, rather than there being complete unity.Developments in the Brown Government Positive or blackball?In the last Chapter we have demonstrated that the Brown Leadership is not yet a perfect example of Cabinet Government. The Cabinet consists mainly of Brown loyalists, the Prime Minister has forced through many unpopular policies and as of yet has failed to deliver the legislation that would make a Cabinet Government a long term possibility. However despite these criticisms Gordon Brown has run a more Cabinet Government than either Tony Blair or Margaret Thatcher. It will be difficult for the Prime Minister to backtrack on legislation that will give more power to Parliament, and he has demonstrated in many of the crises that he is unforced to share power and responsibility with the more senior Cabinet members. The large size and broad range of the Cabinet also suggests that Brown is less seeming to rely on a small clique of outsiders for advice, as did Thatcher and Blair. In recent months Brown has also shown that he is willing to accept Blair loyalists into the Cabinet, as we have seen with the appointment of Peter Mandelson. (Sparrow, 2008)It is the opinion of this essay that despite the serious problems of the Labour Party this has been a positive development. Although there has been limited use of the talents of opposition party personnel, a Government of all the talents has the potential to change the confrontational, winner takes all style of British Politics. In a time of severe economic crisis there is a need to take advantage of all available talent and ability. History has shown that although a strong Prime Ministerial Government can be initially popular, if the Leader believes it is unnecessary to consult with their Cabinet then they can make serious errors of judgement. If Margaret Thatcher had listened to her Cabinet perhaps there would have been no poll tax, nor would relations with Europe be so damaged by Thatchers strident anti European speeches. (Riddell, 1991, pp.184-187)Ultimately though, a more Cabinet form of Government means a more democratic, accountable Government, one that is more likely to grant Parliament a greater role in the more important aspects of Government. A larger Cabinet made up of representatives from across the board is also more representative of the nation itself. If ideas and policies can be discussed, deliberated and argued out by a professional, representative and broad Cabinet then perhaps there will be less chance of the Government enacting policies that are popular and logical only to the Prime Minister and a close circle of unrepresentative outsiders.ConclusionThis essay has demonstrated that since taking office Gordon Brown has led a Cabinet Government similar to that of John Major, rather than the more Prime Ministerial approach of both Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair. The essay has also shown that Browns leadership style does still contain elements of the Prime Ministerial form of Government, especially in regards to forcing through unpopular pet projects originating from when Brown was Chancellor. However, despite his constitution as a Stalinist leader Brown has shown surprising flexibility, an ability to consult with those outside the traditional Labour party sphere as well as demonstrating trust in the more senior members of his Cabinet.If Brown remains Prime Minister for the foreseeable future then we are likely to see legislation that will strengthen both Cabinet Government and Parliament itself. In the new economic climate and looming recession the se policies might herald a new age of not only Cabinet Government, but a more consensual and cross party form of British Politics. The emergence of a Cabinet Government is undoubtedly then a positive sign for the future.BibliographyFoley, Michael John Major, Tony Blair and a Conflict of leadership Collision Course (Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York, 2002)Jones, amount Politics UK (Harlow, Pearson, Longman, London, 2006)Leonard, Dick A Century of Premiers From Salisbury to Blair (Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2005)Rentoul, John Tony Blair Prime Minister (Time Warner, London, 2001)Riddell, Peter The Thatcher Era and its Legacy (Blackwell, Oxford UK and Cambridge USA, 1991)Stephens, Philip Tony Blair The making of a World Leader (Viking, New York, 2004) countersignpapersBagehot Gordon Browns Recovery A War on two Fronts Economist, 9/10/2008, p.27Helm, Toby Left Winger Cruddas in Think ice chest challenge Guardian, 12/10/2008Freedland, Jonathan Who is Gordon Bro wn? The New York Review of Books, Volume 54, Number 16, October 25 2007.Sparrow, Andrew Gordon Brown defends decision to bring Peter Mandelson back into government Guardian, 03/10/2008Woodward, Will Ashdown turns down job in Brown cabinet Guardian, 21/06/2007, p2InternetBrown is UKs New Prime Minister BBC News 27/06/2007, accessed 06/11/2008http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6245682.stmRobinson, Nick Brown rules out Autumn Election BBC News 06/10/2007, accessed 06/11/2008http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7031749.stm

Examples Of The Company Suffering From Bad Publicity

Examples Of The Company Suffering From Bad PublicityGreenpeace distributed an argumentative video on YouTube about Nestls source for palm oil for their products. The targeted product was the outfit Kat contain and the video play off the Kit Kat slogan Have a break, Have a Kit Kat. Greenpeace said that Nestls source have a dirty hands in ruining a rainforests which were natural habits for orangutans. Furthermore, Greenpeaces video also imitative Kit Kats commercial by starting by a bored office worker tearing paper for his boss for hours. He pulls out a Kit Kat bar and bites into it without noticing or caring that the Kit Kat is actually a bleeding orangutan finger, and leaks blood all over his face and keyboard. In this case, come on took a quick action removed the video. By today technology, there is still had a way to let YouTube user repost the video. The users started reposting the video all over the net income and the more internet users repost the video all over the internet , and the more videos is taken down, the more videos will added.*What is societys brand positioning?(March 2012)http//www. draw close.com/csv/nutrition/positionedproductsAfford fitted and nutritiousNestle targeted customer with products that are nutritious, cheaper and tasty. Popularly Positioned Products (PPPs) supply high nutritional value by affordable cost and in suitable formats to send the needs of well-nigh 3 billion lower-income consumers worldwide. Their current PPPs spread from culinary products to beverages, to dairy and biscuit with over 400 products are sold under some global brands such(prenominal) as Maggie and Nescafe.These actions bring 30-40% improvement in market penetration within lower-income customers in the last 2 years and increase distribution of Maggie noodles by crusade about affordability and hygienic messages.* Provide some information about a recent marketing campaign.http//www.networkworld.com/community/blog/marketing-gone-wild-candy-bars-stalk-you Nestle company throw a promotion called We will find you that find by GPS trackers which the shape alike normal chocolate bars. When a winning customer opens the wrapper, it will activates and send a message to the prize team who tracking them down within 24 hours to deliver a check for 10,000. This chocolate product can find from KitKat Chunky, Yorkie Milk, KitKat 4 Finger and Aero Peppermint Medium.London showed off this video of Nestle using cutting edge geolocation technology to track down six lucky winners crossways the UK and Ireland. They believe that this promotion will particularly invoke to men, fascinating them to the chocolate singles category and thus driving increasing sales. Nestl Confectionery is delighted to be first to market with this highly innovative GPS for the promotion.During August 2010, Brazil was the first to use GPS, drop it into a product to track you and take marketing promotions to a whole new creepy yet innovative level.CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILI TYCorporate Social Responsibility is defined a concept which the company incorporate social and environmental concerns in business operations and interactions with stakeholders on voluntary basis.Does the company promote a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees and communities?http//www.ukessays.co.uk/essays/communications/nestle.phpNestle shown great concern for the society though the launch of their concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in 2006, Creating Shared Value (CSR).after the launch of CSR, Nestle undertaken many projects to assistant the society. A great project that brought significant change to society is The Cocoa Plan project to facilitate African hot chocolate farmers and the society take advantage of setting market prices by growing their productivity. Nestle funded farmer schools in West Africa to learn better ways which able to produce higher quality cocoa and increase revenue. Not only that, Nestle built a developme nt and research centre that work in hand with Nestle plant science base. Nestle as a partner of International Cocoa Initiative and the World Cocoa foundation resolved problems, example child labour and lack of access of education and health such as send farmers to field schools educates the farmer the way to increase productivity and also educated of diseases and prevention ways. In this case, the increasing of income for those West African household enhance their lifestyles. Between that, the dramatically of boosting of production of cocoa increase their exports and conversely decrease their foreign owing. There are also can learn new skills, study the technology and share useful information among the locals who sent to work.http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/nestle/business-principles-in-action-nutritional-labelling/ethics-and-business-principles.htmlaxzz2L5lKmRxZNestle developed two business principles that focused on communications with consumers. One of the business principle is Nestle consumer communication should reflect moderation in food consumption and not encourage overeating especially important regarding children. Another one of the business principle is must combine the desire for healthy and balanced diets. Their advertising must not mean the reposition of meals with snack foods and heavy snacking. Nestle helps consumers recognize and understand the nutritional content of the food that they bought. This is a positive impact on the reputation of the company. Consumers can be know the Nestle behaving responsibly and communicating with them. They also facilitate and promote healthy life for their staffs. Nestle company linked to the Guideline Daily Amounts on the front of packs with the internal communication programme to tell staffs about GDAs and labeling system. In this case, it can help to motivate staffs as showed nestle cared about their well-being and their families.

The Development of Behavioral Psychology Essay -- science, J.R. Angell

The human mind and the way humans behave have been primitive topics of study amongst historians for many years. Studies have been conducted in different professional areas to gain knowledge and understanding of humans, in an attempt to control carriage. The study of human behavior is known as behavioral psychology or behaviorism. The goal of early behaviorists and functionalists was to bring about a more reliable psychology. The behaviorists believed they would achieve this goal by excluding self-examination and focus on the study of behaviorism. This evolution was achieved with help from the zeitgeist, behaviorist, and organizational psychology. This paper will discuss J.R. Angell and his prediction of the shift in psychology from introspection to behaviorism, the persons and ideas helped to carry out the shift, how the zeitgeist supported the shift, and how the development of industrial psychology played its part in the shift.On what did Angell base his opinion?J. R. Angell was a psychologist and educator, who studied under John Dewey and William James. Angell worked as a psychology instructor at the University of Minnesota. It was at this university that Angell formed a psychology department in 1905 (Schultz and Schultz, 2012, p.294). Schultz and Schultz (2008) wroteJ.R. Angell at the University of Chicago, perhaps the most progressive of the functional psychologists, predicted that American psychology was ready for greater objectivity. In 1910, he commented that it seemed possible that the term consciousness would disappear from psychology, a lot as the term soul had disappeared. (p. 293)Behaviorism, which contended to end structuralism without compromise, was underway when Angell made his 2008 statement. J.R. Angell is su... ...or individuals. ConclusionPsychology has grown from the founding of behaviorism. Many individuals and ideas played a plentiful part in setting the atmosphere for behaviorism to be widely accepted. Zeitgeist of that time period had also contributed to the acceptance of behaviorism. Therefore, when Watson came on the scene, it was not difficult for his ideas to be accepted. Even organizational psychology had its role by showing one can apply techniques in every aspect to bring change. Works CitedBuckley, K. W. (1989). mechanised Man John Broadus Watson and the Beginnings of Behaviorism. New York The Guilford pressGoss, A. E. (1961). Early behaviorism and verbal mediating responses. American psychologist, 16(6), 285-298.Schultz, D.P. & Schultz, S. E. (2012). A history of modern psychology, (10th Ed.) Belmont, CA Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

Bosnia-Hercegovina :: World History Essays

Bosnia-HercegovinaMissing Works CitedThe origin of the implements of war with the argent between 6 fleur-de-lys,which is now on the flag of the republic of Bosnia-Hercegovina, has longpuzzled me, tho they are in fact the arms of the Kotromanic family, whichruled Bosnia in the fourteenth and 1 5th centuries. Other arms have also beenattributed to Bosnia in the nineteenth century.I finally thought of a way to get at this question of the originof the current Bosnian flag numismatics, of course. I found a book by oneIvan Rengjeo, Corpus der mittel-alterlichen Mnnzen von Kroatien, Slavonien,Dalmatien und Bosnien, Graz, 1959, which is as exhaustive as you can geton the topic (coins from those regions, that is). I have also consulted an name by Pavao Andelic on Medieval Seals of Bosnia-Hercegovina, in themonograph series of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia-Hercegovina(Sarajevo, 1970),but it is in Serbo-Croat, so I can only look at the(numerous) illustra tions. What follows is a historical/heraldic account,pieced together from these sources, and a few encyclopedias. Bosnia wasdominated alternatively by Serbia and, from the 12th c. onward, by Croatia(in personal union with Hungary) until the early 14th c. Typically, the world-beater of Hungary and Croatia appointed bans, or local governors and, intypical medieval fashion, these bans took advantage of any weakness of thecentral monarchy to carve out territories for themselves.In the early 14th c., the ban of Croatia was Pavao (Paul) Subic ofBrebir or Breberio (a town in Dalmatia which was given to the family in1222) his father and grandfather were counts or Trau or Trogir, hiscousins were counts of Spalato or Split. This p owerful man titles himselfban of Croatia and dominee Bosniae, and appoints his brother Mladen ISubic (1302-04) and later his eldest son Mladen II (1312-14) as ban ofBosnia. His second son Georg was count of Trau and Split, his third sonPavao was count of Trau. By the third generation, howev er, the family hadlost its power. This first dynasty of bans issued byzantine-style coins,with no heraldry. Their seals, however, show the Subic arms an eagle wingdisplayed, and 5 flowers with stems as crest (mi sread by Siebmacher asostrich-feathers). The style of the arms is very German, with the shieldtilted to the left, a German helm, lambrequins, and a crest. There are notinctures, but a junior branch issued from Pavao count of Trau, the Subicde Zrin, bo re Gules, two wings sable (an interesting violation of the s-called tincture rule).